Minew has launched the MTB11, a new solar-powered beacon designed for long-term, maintenance-free asset tracking. With no batteries required, it offers continuous operation without downtime or servicing.
The MTB11 runs reliably in lighting conditions between 400 and 1000 lux. Compact at 74×42×4mm and weighing just 15.4g, it’s IP67-rated for durability and boasts a broadcast range of up to 80 metres. With an estimated lifespan of over 10 years, it’s ideal for applications requiring long advertising intervals.
Available by special order. Contact us for more information.
Too many potential customers contact us asking what’s the least expensive beacon that provides the best range, the best battery life and the smallest size. Unfortunately, all these things are related. You need a larger battery to provide enough power for a longer range. A large battery implies a larger beacon size. A larger battery and case implies a more expensive beacon. The choice of ‘best’ beacon usually involves some sort of compromise.
It’s also often the case that customers focus on price, range, battery life and size without considering other factors such as:
Visual appearance – Good-looking beacons can sometimes be counter-productive as they can be attractive to thieves. Black ones or ones that blend into the environment work best.
App – Some manufacturer configuration apps are easier to use than others. We prefer KKM, Meeblue and Minew apps.
Waterproofing – Some unexpected scenarios, such as use inside cars, need waterproofing due to high humidity.
Motion triggering – Some beacons provide motion triggering to significantly increase battery life.
On-off button – It’s sometimes desirable to be able to turn the beacon on and off without having to remove the battery, especially during storage.
Attachment options – Some beacons include strong double sided stickers, tabs for screws or holes for fastening.
Nordic Semiconductor, the leading manufacturer of System on a Chip (SoC) technology used in the majority of beacon devices and the top supplier of SoCs for Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) solutions, has released the latest PDF edition of its free Wireless Quarter Magazine. This issue showcases the wide range of applications powered by Nordic’s SoCs, offering insights into how their technology continues to shape and support innovative wireless solutions across various industries.
The latest issue of the magazine mentions the use of the same Nordic SoCs, as used in beacons, in the following Bluetooth solutions:
Smart eyewear solution that provides automatic, hands-free focus adjustment for both near and far vision
Seed monitoring platform drives efficiencies in smart agriculture
Matter over Thread smart dimmer controls dimmable LED lighting
Carv 2 AI-powered ski trainer
Refrigeration monitoring solution tracks inventory and temperature levels
‘Two-in-one’ smart street lighting controller solution to improve modern cities
The magazine also has an interesting in-depth article on how increasing adoption of Bluetooth LE is driving innovation across sectors.
A PhD thesis by Aimee May Walker investigates the use of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology as a precision livestock farming (PLF) tool in extensive sheep grazing systems. The primary emphasis is on the viability of BLE for monitoring sheep location, proximity, and behavioural relationships, especially in outdoor environments where traditional monitoring tools are often impractical.
BLE is highlighted throughout the thesis as a promising candidate for livestock monitoring due to its low power consumption, cost-effectiveness, small physical footprint, and ability to function in outdoor settings. These characteristics make BLE particularly suitable for sheep, which require lightweight and unobtrusive devices.
The research involved developing a prototype BLE monitoring system and testing it in several scenarios. Firstly, signal strength and range were evaluated through calibration studies in outdoor environments, showing that BLE signal strength reliably declines with distance but is significantly affected by factors such as device height and line-of-sight, both of which can vary with animal behaviour. These findings underscore the challenge of interpreting BLE signal strength to accurately determine distance.
BLE was then assessed for its capacity to localise sheep. Using both static and on-animal trials, the technology was able to detect positions within grazing paddocks with a mean localisation error of approximately 19 to 24 metres. This demonstrated technical feasibility but also indicated that a high number of fixed BLE readers would be required for reliable coverage across larger fields, limiting commercial viability in its current form.
A further study evaluated BLE for monitoring contact patterns between sheep, particularly during the lambing and early lactation period. By equipping ewes and lambs with BLE devices, the system successfully tracked interaction patterns over time. BLE data revealed expected social behaviours, such as reduced ewe-ewe interactions around parturition and evolving ewe-lamb contact as lambs aged. Additionally, it detected behavioural changes associated with welfare indicators, such as increased ewe-lamb proximity in lame ewes.
Beacons are small computers that run software, more specifically firmware. Beacon manufacturers write the firmware that uses Bluetooth software libraries to send out iBeacon, Eddystone and/or sensor data advertising and allow setup via their iOS and Android apps.
When a beacon supports over-the-air (OTA) update, it allows that firmware to be updated without physically connecting to the beacon with wires. A smartphone app, such as the manufacturers’ app or the generic Nordic nRF Toolbox is used to connect to the beacon via Bluetooth and update the firmware.
In practice, manufacturers hardly ever update their firmware so whether a beacon supports OTA update or not isn’t usually an issue.
A further use of OTA is the facilitation of custom firmware when the standard firmware needs to be updated to provide for specially required functionality. This is non-trivial and ideally needs to be performed by the original manufacturer because they have the original source code. We have arranged this for a few customers but it tends to only be financially viable for large orders.
BeaconZone Programming jig
It’s also possible to completely replace the software in some beacons, something we provide via custom solutions and previously used in our social distancing and Bluetooth mesh solutions. In these cases, OTA tends to be too slow for large numbers of beacons so wired programming jigs are sometimes used instead.
We have just one beacon that can advertise LINE. This post explains LINE advertising with information on the packet format.
LINE Beacons are used alongside the LINE messenger service, which enables users to exchange text, video, and voice messages on both smartphones and personal computers. This service is currently available in Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and Indonesia. LINE offers developer APIs for both iOS and Android platforms, allowing developers to integrate LINE functionality into their own applications.
The LINE Beacon system works by sending webhook events to a LINE bot whenever a user with the LINE app comes into close range of a registered beacon. This enables developers to create context-aware interactions, tailoring the bot’s behaviour based on the user’s proximity to specific physical locations. In addition, there is a feature known as the beacon banner, which is accessible to corporate users. This allows a promotional banner to appear in the LINE messenger app when the user approaches a LINE Beacon, providing another layer of engagement for location-based services and marketing campaigns.
LINE Bluetooth Advertising
Unlike iBeacon, LINE Beacon packets have a secure message field to prevent packet tampering and replay attacks. The secure data is 7 bytes long containing a message authentication code, timestamp and battery level. Secure messages are sent to the LINE platform for verification.
Generating LINE Advertising
LINE recommend LINE beacon packets be sent at a very high rate of every 152ms. In addition, LINE recommend advertising iBeacon (UUID D0D2CE24-9EFC-11E5-82C4-1C6A7A17EF38, Major 0x4C49, Mino 0x4E45) to notify iOS devices that the LINE Beacon device is nearby. This is because an iOS app can only see iBeacons when in background and LINE beacons can’t wake an app.
We observe that the high advertising rate and concurrent iBeacon advertising aren’t battery friendly and the beacon battery isn’t going to last long.
New research titled Seamless Indoor–Outdoor Localization Through Transition Detection by Jaehyun Yoo presents a system for maintaining accurate and continuous positioning of a person or object as they move between indoor and outdoor environments. Standard GPS technologies struggle in indoor areas due to signal loss, while indoor systems often fail outdoors. Transition zones, such as building entrances, pose particular challenges. This paper addresses those issues by introducing a transition detection algorithm that combines data from WiFi and BLE signals, GPS metrics, and inertial sensors.
The core of the proposed system is a handover strategy that classifies an environment as indoor, transition, or outdoor using a probabilistic model based on signal strength (RSSI), position estimation, and satellite signal quality. The classification process relies on machine learning, specifically a neural network model trained on unlabelled data using an unsupervised approach. The transition zones are especially crucial for switching accurately between positioning engines.
The system comprises three separate engines. The indoor engine uses WiFi and BLE fingerprinting fused with inertial sensor data through a particle filter. The transition engine works exclusively with AI-augmented inertial data to maintain tracking where both WiFi and GNSS are unreliable. The outdoor engine integrates GNSS data with inertial measurements using an extended Kalman Filter, adapting dynamically to account for signal reliability and expected movement.
Experimental tests were conducted using three Samsung smartphones in three office buildings of various sizes and layouts. The new method demonstrated improved positional accuracy and better state classification compared to Google’s Fused Location Provider (FLP) and standard GPS. Results showed the proposed system consistently outperformed the alternatives, particularly in recognising transition zones and reducing localisation errors. However, the method was sensitive to direction errors and GNSS multi-path interference, which could affect the overall accuracy, particularly in densely built environments.
The study concludes that the approach offers significant improvements in seamless localisation using consumer smartphones without requiring labelled data or external GNSS hardware. Future work aims to replace manually tuned parameters with data-driven methods and to further address GNSS multi-path errors by leveraging raw satellite data.
We sometimes get asked if it’s possible to use a smartphone as a gateway to scan for Bluetooth devices. The thinking is usually that workers or users already have devices so why not make use of them?
While it is possible, there are many reasons why you might not want to do this:
On iOS, Apple hide Bluetooth MAC addresses and for some APIs hide the iBeacon ids making unique identification more difficult.
You will find it very difficult to get a continuously scanning app through Apple app store review. You will need strong justifications.
Scanning continuously uses lots of battery power, even when advertising with periodic ‘off’ and ‘on’ periods.
Capabilities of devices vary meaning you will almost certainly get some end user devices where your implementation won’t work. For example, some manufacturers stop long running processes.
On Android there’s a limit of six scans every 30 seconds. Also, it’s necessary to scan in a foreground activity to prevent the operating system from throttling detections. There are hacks to instead run scanning in threads but these aren’t officially supported and so might not be viable in future OS releases. It’s best not to create production apps based on hacks as they can suddenly stop working.
Some users will play with their phones and end up purposely or inadvertently disabling your application.
The best scenarios are those where you can dictate the phone type, it can be mains (PSU) powered and the phone isn’t owned by a user (i.e. it’s just used as a gateway). It’s almost always better to use a dedicated gateway.
The FollowMe project (pdf) explores the feasibility of using Bluetooth and computer vision (CV) technologies to enable a legged robot to autonomously follow a human operator, with control mediated via a smartwatch interface. While the system ultimately relied on CV for effective tracking, considerable effort was invested in developing and assessing the Bluetooth-based approach.
The Bluetooth component of the system was designed to offer an infrastructure-free method of localisation using Angle of Arrival (AoA) and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) analysis. The setup featured a Silicon Labs BG22 Bluetooth antenna array mounted on the robot and a BLE-emitting tag carried by the user (emulated via Thunderboard Kits). By measuring the phase of incoming signals from a Constant Tone Extension (CTE) in Bluetooth packets, the system estimated the direction of the tag relative to the robot. This directional information was combined with signal strength data to estimate the distance to the tag, effectively calculating the user’s position in 3D space.
However, this Bluetooth-based tracking system proved unreliable in practice. The AoA method, though theoretically capable of sub-degree resolution, suffered from high noise levels and poor accuracy in real-world conditions. The resulting positional data often diverged significantly from ground truth, with only about 5% accuracy in controlled trials. These shortcomings were attributed to the use of a single locator antenna, multipath interference, and environmental variability. The project team noted that using multiple receivers or integrating inertial sensors might improve robustness, but time constraints precluded further refinement during this study.
It should be noted that commercial systems that rely on Bluetooth Angle of Arrival (AoA) positioning consistently employ multiple locator antennas to achieve accurate localisation. This multi-antenna configuration enables triangulation of the signal source by capturing AoA data from different spatial perspectives, thereby significantly improving the precision and robustness of position estimates. Each locator provides a unique angular measurement relative to its own position, and when these are combined, the system can more reliably compute the target’s location in two or three dimensions. Single-locator setups, by contrast, are inherently limited because they lack the spatial diversity necessary for resolving ambiguity in signal direction and distance.
We often get questions asking what kinds of things can block Bluetooth signals and enquiries about the relative blocking of different materials.
Metal obstructions or metal-based surfaces such as metal-reinforced concrete cause the most blocking followed by other dense building materials such as plaster and concrete. Next comes water that you might not think would be a problem but, as people are made up of 60% water, bodies blocking Bluetooth signals can be a significant factor. Least blocking are glass (but not bulletproof), wood and plastics.
Blocking can be caused by wireless noise as well and physical obstructions. This includes electrical noise from other electrical equipment as well as interference from devices using the same 2.4GHz frequency. WiFi on 2.4GHz causes negligible interference.
In extreme cases, a very large number of Bluetooth devices can cause interference with each other because only one can advertise at a time without there being collisions and hence lost data. The maximum number of Bluetooth devices depends on how long and how often the Bluetooth devices transmit. It also depends on whether devices are just advertising or additionally using GATT connections. Bluetooth also has adaptive frequency hopping that helps reduce packet interference.
