Some manufacturers offer SDKs to allow programmatic access to their beacons from iOS and Android.
Most SDKs tend to be poorly implemented/documented, tie your code into using that particular beacon and rarely get updated to use newer mobile platform APIs. They also tend to be thin abstractions over the Android and iOS Bluetooth APIs.
If you rely on a beacon manufacturer that doesn’t update their SDK, it’s eventually the case that the underlying Android and/or iOS API changes such that your solution becomes non-optimal and, in the worse case, breaks.
Instead, when you can, we recommend you use the iOS and Android Bluetooth APIs directly to make your code independent of the beacon type. In this way you don’t end up depending on intermediate code and this has the benefit that you can more easily change beacon providers.
There’s a new app Bluetooth Sleuth by Sean McNeil for iPhone, iPad and Mac.
The app scans for advertising devices, optionally with a specific CoreBluetooth UUID, and displays them including RSSI (signal strength). It can connect to devices that are connectable and then browse device the Bluetooth Services and Characteristics. For iBeacons, it’s also possible to observe region updates for specified beacons.
The app monitors and graphs recent RSSI values. You can also set up your device to advertise iBeacon or custom services with custom Bluetooth Characteristics.
We recently came across TracerPlus, a system that allows you to scan and collect Eddystone and iBeacon data into forms on iOS and Android.
A desktop application builder is used to design the forms:
The system can be used to efficiently take inventory and capture additional data from beacons for example, unique identifiers for items, battery life, temperature and URL information.
TracerPlus provides semi-custom mobile applications at a fraction of the cost of custom software.
Reading and writing to a characteristic’s value and/or monitoring characteristic value change via a Notify
Each of these stages is asynchronous because each takes a relatively long time in computing terms. This means the code needs to call something but continue running to remain responsive to other events and later process the result of a stage via a callback from the Bluetooth library. The connection isn’t reliable because it’s wireless. Different kinds of failure, also notified via callbacks, require the code to go back one or more stages depending on the severity of the error.
All this gets very messy, confusing and difficult to understand in the resultant code. Reactive (Rx) programming attempts to solve such asynchronous complexity problems by using the Observable Pattern to broadcast and subscribe to values and other events from an Observable stream.
There are Reactive implementations such as RxSwift on iOS and RxJava on Android. There are also Bluetooth specific libraries such as RxBluetoothKit for iOS/OSX and RxAndroidBle that make asynchronous Bluetooth code in Swift/Java much easier to understand and maintain.
Reactive programming used to be very popular not just for asynchronous programming but also for general Android programming. It has fallen out use for general programming mainly due to Kotlin which is now the ‘latest thing’.
Naive developers have a tendency to want to use the ‘latest thing’ or ‘clever techniques’ while experienced developers choose the right tool for the job. A common error is to over-use and combine design patterns, such as observables, in simple scenarios, which hinders rather than simplifies understanding.
The nature and relative complexity of your project should determine whether it’s worth using Reactive code. It’s not necessary an ‘all or nothing’ decision. It’s possible to choose to use observable pattern techniques only in parts of code with extreme asynchronous complexity rather than in all the code.
Cordova, previously called PhoneGap, is a mobile cross platform development tool that uses web pages and Javascript.
Don Coleman of Chariot Solutions maintains the open source cordova-plugin-ble-central custom plugin (blue area in above diagram) that provides a Bluetooth API for scanning, connecting to service characteristics, reading and writing values and characteristic change notification. Examples are provided.
The recent updates provide support for new permissions and API changes in Android 10+. It’s great to see the plugin updated because the problem with many tools and libraries is that they rarely keep up to date with changes in the underlying iOS and Android APIs.
There’s a new app for iOS called Stepping In & Out that uses iBeacons to remind you when you move into or out of an area containing a beacon.
The source code is available on GitHub. It provides an example how to create an app using Swift that triggers when going into and out of zones. This can also be used for commercially oriented applications.
Flutter is Google’s UI toolkit for building native applications for mobile, web, and desktop from a single codebase. There are plugins that add functionality to Flutter. One such plugin is the beacon_plugin that makes it easier to scan and range iBeacons on iOS and Android. The plugin is open source on GitHub.
On iOS 14, Apple has changed the permissions required for iBeacon region ranging and monitoring. There’s a new Precise Location permission that needs to be set to ON for the app to continue to work. Apps that granted location permissions prior to iOS 14 default to Precise Location ON after upgrading so as not to break old code.
Apps should now detect if Precise Location is enabled. Apple has unfortunately deprecated the class function authorizationStatus(). The best way of determining whether you can detect iBeacons is to examine the location accuracy.
The key thing about this research is that it uses iOS rather than a beacon to advertise iBeacon. The system allows the entire team to determine the location of other members, perform location based tasks, receive announcements and communicate via instant chat.
iBeacon Team Management Screens
The paper contains some useful analysis of accuracy of distance measurement on distance, interference, measured power and obstructions:
Effect of iBeacon distance accuracy with obstructions
Effect of iBeacon distance accuracy with presence of another iBeacon
Effect of measured power variation on proximity and accuracy
Effect of obstructing objects on RSSI and Accuracy
On iOS it’s only possible to advertise iBeacon if the app is in foreground:
The major limitation of the proposed app is battery drainage while keeping the app active all the time in the foreground
A more practical system would have been implemented by having the users carry a separate wearable beacon. This would have allowed presence to be detected when the app isn’t in foreground and there wouldn’t have been a problem with excessive iOS battery use.
